Data · sources

Simulations and observations

The 22 simulations differ in numerical method, code, resolution and purpose; the 117 observational and empirical sources differ in survey, facility and what they measure. Those differences are a large part of why curves disagree, so they are recorded here.

Simulations

Grouped by how the gas is evolved. Dates are the year the flagship paper was posted to arXiv. Set-up, physics and purpose follow the flagship abstracts; code names, box sizes and team names that an abstract does not state come from background knowledge and are not all checked against the full papers, so check the linked papers before quoting them. The “In sim-highline” line under each entry is computed from the data.

SPH

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics follows the gas with Lagrangian particles whose properties are smoothed over neighbours. It conserves mass by construction and follows collapse well; shocks and fluid instabilities need care. Codes here: Gadget-3 family, MP-Gadget, Gasoline, ChaNGa, SWIFT (SPHENIX).

ASTRID 2021 (overview paper)

Code: MP-Gadget · Springel 2005 (GADGET-2, the base of the Gadget-3 family)
Method: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics with tree-PM gravity (MP-Gadget, a Gadget-3 descendant)
Set-up: Periodic box of 250 Mpc/h with 2×5500³ particles, run from z = 99 to z = 3; galaxies resolved in haloes above 2×10⁹ M☉.
Physics: Inhomogeneous H and He reionization, baryon relative velocities, massive neutrinos, supernova and AGN feedback, black-hole mergers driven by dynamical friction.
Purpose: A large high-redshift galaxy sample that can be compared with future survey data.
Team: ASTRID (Bird, Ni and collaborators)
Papers: Bird et al. 2021, overview · Ni et al. 2021, supermassive black holes

In sim-highline: 16 records · 2 runs · sfrd, shmr, ssfr, zstar · z 0 to 10 · 11 digitized figure, 5 catalogue derived · open ASTRID in the Explorer

BlueTides 2015 (overview paper)

Code: MP-Gadget · Springel 2005 (GADGET-2, the base of the Gadget-3 family)
Method: Pressure-entropy formulation of SPH with tree-PM gravity (MP-Gadget)
Set-up: Periodic box of 400 Mpc/h with 2×7040³ particles, run on Blue Waters from z = 99 to z = 8.
Physics: Gas cooling, star formation including molecular hydrogen, black-hole growth, stellar and AGN feedback.
Purpose: The first galaxies, quasars and their contribution to reionization at z>8, in the largest hydrodynamic volume at that redshift when it was run.
Team: BlueTides (Feng, Di Matteo and collaborators)
Papers: Feng et al. 2015, overview · Huang et al. 2018, black-hole galaxy relations

In sim-highline: 52 records · 5 runs · bh, bhsigma, gsmf, mzr, shmr, ssfr, uvlf · z 8 to 13 · 40 published table, 12 published fit · open BlueTides in the Explorer

COLIBRE 2025 (overview paper)

Code: SWIFT · Schaller et al. 2024 (SWIFT)
Method: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics with the SPHENIX scheme in the SWIFT code
Set-up: Periodic boxes up to 400 cMpc at three resolutions (gas particle mass about 10⁷, 10⁶ and 10⁵ M☉); dark matter supersampled by a factor 4 so that dark matter and baryon particle masses are similar.
Physics: Multiphase ISM without a pressure floor, non-equilibrium H and He, dust model with three grain species and two sizes, pre-supernova and supernova feedback, thermal AGN feedback (plus hybrid jet runs).
Purpose: A new galaxy formation model with a cold, dusty multiphase ISM, calibrated to the z≈0 galaxy stellar mass function and stellar mass-size relation.
Team: COLIBRE project (Schaye and collaborators)
Papers: Schaye et al. 2025, overview · Chaikin et al. 2025, GSMF and SFR evolution

In sim-highline: 194 records · 28 runs · gsmf, jstar, mzr, quenched, sfms, sfrd, shmr, size, smd, ssfr · z 0 to 17 · 99 official table, 77 digitized figure, 18 published table · open COLIBRE in the Explorer

EAGLE 2014 (overview paper)

Code: Gadget-3 (modified) · Springel 2005 (GADGET-2, the base of the Gadget-3 family)
Method: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics in a modified Gadget-3 code
Set-up: Periodic boxes of 25, 50 and 100 cMpc; Ref-L100N1504 is the flagship run, Recal-L025N0752 the recalibrated high-resolution run.
Physics: Thermal-energy feedback from massive stars and AGN without turning off cooling, so winds develop without a prescribed speed or mass loading.
Purpose: Follow galaxies and black holes in representative volumes, with feedback calibrated to the z≈0 galaxy stellar mass function and galaxy sizes.
Team: Virgo Consortium (EAGLE project)
Data: Halo and galaxy catalogues and particle data are public (McAlpine et al. 2015; EAGLE team 2017).
Papers: Schaye et al. 2014, overview · Crain et al. 2015, calibration · McAlpine et al. 2015, catalogue release

In sim-highline: 179 records · 53 runs · bh, btfr, colour, fmr, gsmf, h2-fraction, hi-fraction, hod, jstar, metald, mzr, quenched, sfms, sfrd, shmr, size, smd, ssfr, stfr, wp, zstar · z 0 to 10 · 86 digitized figure, 40 catalogue derived, 35 published table, 18 published fit · open EAGLE in the Explorer

FLAMINGO 2023 (overview paper)

Code: SWIFT · Schaller et al. 2024 (SWIFT)
Method: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics with the SPHENIX scheme in the SWIFT code
Set-up: Boxes up to 1.0 and 2.8 Gpc at several resolutions (the runs used here include L1_m8, L1_m9, L1_m10 and L2p8_m9), plus model and cosmology variations and the 100, 200 and 400 Mpc calibration runs of Kugel et al. 2023.
Physics: Subgrid stellar and AGN feedback calibrated with machine learning to the observed z≈0 galaxy stellar mass function and cluster gas fractions.
Purpose: Cosmology and galaxy-cluster physics for large-scale-structure surveys with realistic baryonic effects.
Team: Virgo Consortium (FLAMINGO project)
Papers: Schaye et al. 2023, overview · Kugel et al. 2023, calibration

In sim-highline: 182 records · 167 runs · bh, fgas500, gsmf, quenched, sfrd, shmr, size, ssfr, zstar · z 0 to 2 · 182 digitized figure · open FLAMINGO in the Explorer

FLARES 2020 (overview paper)

Code: Gadget-3 (EAGLE model) · Springel 2005 (GADGET-2, the base of the Gadget-3 family)
Method: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics with the EAGLE (AGNdT9) model
Set-up: Zoom simulations of 40 regions of different overdensity selected from a (3.2 cGpc)³ parent volume, combined with a weighting scheme that makes composite distribution functions representative of the parent volume.
Physics: The EAGLE galaxy formation model.
Purpose: High-redshift galaxy formation in the epoch of reionisation, including its dependence on environment, with a dynamic range beyond periodic boxes.
Team: FLARES project (First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations; Lovell and collaborators)
Papers: Lovell et al. 2020, FLARES I · Vijayan et al. 2020, FLARES II

In sim-highline: 63 records · 12 runs · gsmf, sfms, sfrd, uvbeta, uvlf · z 5 to 15 · 39 digitized figure, 12 catalogue derived, 6 published table, 6 published fit · open FLARES in the Explorer

Magneticum Pathfinder 2025 (overview paper; papers using the runs go back to at least 2016)

Code: Gadget-3 (modified) · Springel 2005 (GADGET-2, the base of the Gadget-3 family)
Method: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics in a modified Gadget-3 code
Set-up: A ladder of boxes from about 18 to 2688 Mpc/h (Box4 to Box0) at several resolutions (mr, hr, uhr).
Physics: Cooling, star formation, metal enrichment, black-hole growth and feedback; tuned to the hot gas content of galaxy clusters.
Purpose: Cover the largest range of volumes and resolutions of any suite, tuned on the hot gas of clusters instead of the stellar mass function, and test how many scaling relations come out self-consistently.
Team: Magneticum Pathfinder (Dolag and collaborators)
Data: Scaling-relation tables are released by the authors (ingested by sim-highline).
Papers: Dolag et al. 2025, Encyclopedia Magneticum · Teklu et al. 2015, angular momentum and morphology

In sim-highline: 135 records · 5 runs · bh, bhsigma, gsmf, jstar, sfms, shmr, size, zstar · z 0 to 4.23 · 135 official table · open Magneticum Pathfinder in the Explorer

NIHAO zoom suite 2015 (NIHAO I)

Code: Gasoline2 · Wadsley et al. 2017 (Gasoline2)
Method: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (Gasoline with an improved SPH implementation)
Set-up: About 100 cosmological zoom-in simulations (88 main haloes in the relation tables used here) from dwarf to Milky Way mass, an unbiased sample of merger histories, concentrations and spins.
Physics: The same star-formation and stellar-feedback treatment for every halo; later papers add black holes.
Purpose: Reproduce the observed inefficiency of galaxy formation across cosmic time with one fixed model, and study galaxy scaling relations at galaxy scales.
Team: NIHAO project (Wang, Dutton, Stinson, Macciò and collaborators)
Papers: Wang et al. 2015, NIHAO I · Dutton et al. 2016, NIHAO XII (scaling relations) · Blank et al. 2019, NIHAO XXII (black holes)

In sim-highline: 38 records · 16 runs · bh, btfr, gas, sfms, shmr, stfr · z 0 to 4 · 29 digitized figure, 7 published table, 2 catalogue derived · open NIHAO zoom suite in the Explorer

Romulus25 2016 (Romulus overview paper)

Code: ChaNGa · Menon et al. 2015 (ChaNGa)
Method: Tree plus smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ChaNGa, descended from Gasoline)
Set-up: Periodic box of 25 Mpc.
Physics: Supermassive black-hole formation, dynamics (sinking) and accretion of rotationally supported gas; star-formation and feedback parameters optimized against z = 0 scaling relations.
Purpose: Model black-hole formation, orbital decay and accretion in a cosmological volume to study co-evolution with galaxies.
Team: Romulus (Tremmel and collaborators)
Papers: Tremmel et al. 2016, Romulus · Ricarte et al. 2019, black-hole galaxy co-evolution

In sim-highline: 6 records · 2 runs · bh, bhsigma, sfms, sfrd · z 0.05 to 3 · 6 digitized figure · open Romulus25 in the Explorer

The Three Hundred 2018 (project paper (arXiv:1809.04622))

Code: GADGET-X and GADGET-MUSIC (GADGET-3 based SPH) · Springel 2005 (GADGET-2, the base of the Gadget-3 family)
Method: Two SPH codes on the GADGET-3 gravity solver: GADGET-X (SPH with thermal diffusion, time-dependent artificial viscosity and a Wendland C4 kernel, with AGN feedback) and GADGET-MUSIC (classic entropy-conserving SPH, no AGN)
Set-up: 324 spherical re-simulation regions of 15 h^-1 Mpc radius, each centred on one of the most massive clusters of the 1 h^-1 Gpc MultiDark MDPL2 box (M200 above 6.42e14 h^-1 Msun at z = 0). Dark matter and gas particles have masses of 12.7e8 and 2.36e8 h^-1 Msun (1.5e9 h^-1 Msun combined) and a Plummer-equivalent softening of 6.5 h^-1 kpc. There are 128 snapshots from z = 17 to 0.
Physics: GADGET-X: metal-dependent cooling, Chabrier IMF, kinetic winds of 350 km/s, black hole seeding and AGN feedback. GADGET-MUSIC: metal-independent cooling, Salpeter IMF, winds of 400 km/s, a two-phase star formation model and no black holes.
Purpose: A catalogue of full-physics re-simulations of 324 massive galaxy clusters and the many haloes around them, with matching semi-analytic galaxy models, for cosmological and astrophysical applications.
Team: The Three Hundred collaboration (the 2018 paper is led by Weiguang Cui and Alexander Knebe)
Data: Not public: the paper says access to the data (about 50 TB of simulation data and 4 TB of halo catalogues) is granted on request.
Papers: Cui et al. 2018, The Three Hundred project

In sim-highline: 6 records · 4 runs · fgas500, ysz · z 0 to 0 · 4 digitized figure, 2 published fit · open The Three Hundred in the Explorer

moving mesh

AREPO solves the equations on a Voronoi mesh whose cells move with the flow, combining Galilean-invariant finite-volume accuracy with the adaptivity of particles.

Illustris 2014 (overview papers)

Code: AREPO · Springel 2010 (AREPO)
Method: Moving Voronoi mesh (finite-volume hydrodynamics on a mesh that follows the flow)
Set-up: Illustris-1: periodic box of 106.5 Mpc with 2×1820³ resolution elements; dark-matter mass resolution 6.26×10⁶ M☉, baryonic 1.26×10⁶ M☉.
Physics: Primordial and metal-line cooling, star formation, stellar and AGN feedback, with a kinetic wind model.
Purpose: Simulate the coevolution of dark and visible matter, with a galaxy population in good agreement with many observed properties.
Team: Illustris Project (Vogelsberger, Genel and collaborators)
Papers: Vogelsberger et al. 2014, overview · Genel et al. 2014, galaxy populations

In sim-highline: 134 records · 36 runs · bh, btfr, colour, fmr, gsmf, hod, jstar, mzr, quenched, sfms, sfrd, shmr, size, ssfr, stfr, zstar · z 0 to 10 · 86 digitized figure, 44 catalogue derived, 4 published fit · open Illustris in the Explorer

IllustrisTNG 2017 (first-results papers)

Code: AREPO · Springel 2010 (AREPO)
Method: Moving Voronoi mesh with ideal magnetohydrodynamics
Set-up: TNG50, TNG100 and TNG300 periodic volumes at different resolutions.
Physics: Revised galactic winds, black-hole multi-mode (thermal and kinetic) feedback, magnetic fields, chemical enrichment.
Purpose: An updated Illustris model with improved feedback and magnetic fields, calibrated to a set of observed galaxy properties.
Team: IllustrisTNG project (Pillepich, Nelson, Springel, Marinacci, Naiman, Weinberger and collaborators)
Data: Public data release (Nelson et al. 2019, arXiv:1812.05609).
Papers: Pillepich et al. 2017, model · Weinberger et al. 2017, black-hole feedback · Nelson et al. 2017, colour bimodality

In sim-highline: 230 records · 68 runs · bh, colour, elf, fmr, gas, gsmf, h2-fraction, hi-fraction, jstar, mzr, quenched, sfms, sfrd, shmr, size, ssfr, uvbeta, zstar · z 0 to 10 · 159 digitized figure, 50 catalogue derived, 20 published table, 1 published fit · open IllustrisTNG in the Explorer

THESAN-1 2021 (overview paper)

Code: AREPO-RT · Kannan et al. 2019 (AREPO-RT)
Method: Moving Voronoi mesh with radiation-magnetohydrodynamics (AREPO-RT)
Set-up: Periodic box of 95.5 cMpc; flagship dark-matter and baryon masses 3.1×10⁶ and 5.8×10⁵ M☉; softening 2.2 ckpc, cells down to 10 pc at z = 5.5.
Physics: Radiation transport coupled to the Illustris-TNG-like galaxy formation model; models the IGM during reionization.
Purpose: Model the large-scale statistics of the IGM during reionization together with the resolved properties of the galaxies that cause it.
Team: THESAN project (Kannan, Garaldi, Smith and collaborators)
Data: Public data release (Garaldi et al. 2023).
Papers: Kannan et al. 2021, overview · Garaldi et al. 2023, public data release

In sim-highline: 39 records · 4 runs · gsmf, mzr, sfms, sfrd, shmr, uvlf · z 6 to 10 · 21 official table, 18 digitized figure · open THESAN-1 in the Explorer

THESAN-zoom 2025 (overview paper)

Code: AREPO-RT · Kannan et al. 2019 (AREPO-RT)
Method: Moving Voronoi mesh with radiation hydrodynamics (AREPO-RT), zoom-in
Set-up: Zoom-ins of 14 high-redshift (z>3) galaxies selected from THESAN, with halo masses of 10⁸ to 10¹³ M☉ at z = 3; best baryonic mass 142 M☉ and softening 17 cpc; 60 simulations including variations.
Physics: Multi-phase ISM with stellar feedback, radiation fields, dust and non-equilibrium thermochemistry; patchy reionization imported from the parent THESAN box.
Purpose: High-resolution high-redshift galaxy formation with a detailed ISM model inside a realistic reionization background.
Team: THESAN-ZOOM project (Kannan and collaborators)
Papers: Kannan et al. 2025, overview · Shen et al. 2025, star-formation efficiencies

In sim-highline: 24 records · 4 runs · gsmf, mzr, sfrd, uvlf · z 3 to 14 · 20 digitized figure, 4 published fit · open THESAN-zoom in the Explorer

meshless

GIZMO's meshless finite-mass (MFM) method uses particles as cell centres with a Riemann-solver flux between them, keeping mass conservation and improving shock and mixing treatment over classical SPH.

FIRE-2 2017 (FIRE-2 paper (FIRE-1 in 2013))

Code: GIZMO · Hopkins 2015 (GIZMO)
Method: Meshless finite-mass (MFM) hydrodynamics in GIZMO
Set-up: Zoom-in simulations of individual galaxies and their surroundings over a wide range of masses; the high-redshift sample used here is from Ma et al. 2018 (z≥5).
Physics: Multi-phase ISM, star formation, and stellar feedback from supernovae, stellar winds and radiation, with FIRE-2 numerical updates.
Purpose: Explore how stellar feedback shapes cosmological galaxy formation, with an emphasis on numerics versus physics.
Team: Feedback In Realistic Environments (FIRE) project
Papers: Hopkins et al. 2017, FIRE-2 · Ma et al. 2018, galaxies at z≥5

In sim-highline: 29 records · 13 runs · gas, gsmf, mzr, shmr, smd, uvlf · z 0 to 12 · 11 published table, 7 published fit, 7 digitized figure, 4 official table · open FIRE-2 in the Explorer

FIREbox 2022 (overview paper)

Code: GIZMO · Hopkins 2015 (GIZMO)
Method: Meshless finite-mass hydrodynamics in GIZMO with FIRE-2 physics
Set-up: Periodic cosmological volume of 22.1 cMpc; about 1,000 galaxies with M★>10⁸ M☉ at z = 0; resolution about 20 pc and baryonic mass about 6×10⁴ M☉.
Physics: Multiphase ISM with multi-channel stellar feedback.
Purpose: A representative galaxy sample at zoom-in resolution in a cosmological volume.
Team: FIRE project (Feldmann and collaborators)
Papers: Feldmann et al. 2022, overview

In sim-highline: 17 records · 10 runs · gsmf, mzr, quenched, sfrd, smd · z 0 to 10 · 16 digitized figure, 1 published table · open FIREbox in the Explorer

SIMBA 2019 (overview paper)

Code: GIZMO · Hopkins 2015 (GIZMO)
Method: Meshless finite-mass hydrodynamics in GIZMO
Set-up: Periodic box of 100 Mpc/h (about 147 cMpc).
Physics: Torque-limited accretion of cold gas plus Bondi accretion of hot gas onto black holes; kinetic bipolar outflows and X-ray AGN feedback; on-the-fly dust production.
Purpose: The successor of the Mufasa simulations, with a new black-hole growth and feedback model.
Team: Simba (Davé and collaborators)
Papers: Davé et al. 2019, overview · Davé et al. 2016, Mufasa

In sim-highline: 85 records · 29 runs · bh, btfr, fmr, gsmf, h2-fraction, hi-fraction, mzr, sfms, sfrd, ssfr, uvbeta, uvbetam · z 0 to 8 · 40 digitized figure, 23 catalogue derived, 13 published fit, 9 published table · open SIMBA in the Explorer

AMR

Adaptive mesh refinement (RAMSES) uses an Eulerian grid that is refined where the mass or the local Jeans length demands it, which resolves dense gas well and handles shocks and instabilities.

CoDa II 2018 (CoDa II paper (arXiv:1811.11192); the earlier Cosmic Dawn run (CoDa I) is arXiv:1511.00011)

Code: RAMSES-CUDATON · Teyssier 2002 (RAMSES)
Method: RAMSES gravity and hydrodynamics coupled to the GPU radiative transfer code ATON (RAMSES-CUDATON) with the full speed of light; run on a fixed 4096^3 grid, that is without adaptive mesh refinement
Set-up: A periodic, constrained realization of the Local Universe in a box of 94.44 cMpc (64 h^-1 Mpc) with 4096^3 cells and as many dark matter particles (4.07e5 Msun). The cell size is 23 ckpc (3.3 kpc proper at z = 6). It runs from z = 150 to z = 5.8, and star particles form in multiples of 11,732 Msun.
Physics: Star formation at 2 percent efficiency per free-fall time above 50 times the mean gas density. Supernova feedback is 10 percent of the stellar mass, 1e51 erg after a 10 Myr massive-star lifetime. The stellar ionizing emissivity has a birthplace escape fraction of 0.42, and the galactic escape fraction is left to the radiative transfer. There is no AGN and no chemical enrichment.
Purpose: Model global and local reionization and the galaxies that cause it, with radiation and galaxy formation coupled, in a volume constrained to reproduce the large-scale structure of the Local Universe.
Team: CoDa collaboration (the CoDa II paper is led by Pierre Ocvirk)
Data: Galaxy catalogues at z = 6, 7, 8 and 10 on VizieR (VI/146).
Papers: Ocvirk et al. 2020, Cosmic Dawn II (CoDa II)

In sim-highline: 12 records · 2 runs · gsmf, shmr, uvlf · z 6 to 10 · 8 catalogue derived, 4 published table · open CoDa II in the Explorer

DARWIN 2026 (first paper (arXiv:2610.25786))

Code: RAMSES · Teyssier 2002 (RAMSES)
Method: Adaptive mesh refinement (a hybrid MPI + OpenMP RAMSES with the physics of the project; DARWIN-2 adds radiative transfer in three photon bands)
Set-up: DARWIN-1: a periodic box of 65.5 cMpc with 1024^3 dark matter particles (8.9e6 Msun) and a fixed minimum cell size of 500 pc (proper), star particles of 1e5 Msun, run to z = 0.19. DARWIN-2: zoom-ins on 24 field regions and a Milky Way analog with its filament at 62.5 pc, star particles of 1e4 Msun, with radiative transfer.
Physics: Gravo-turbulent star formation (DARWIN-2) or a fixed efficiency (DARWIN-1), mechanical supernova feedback with a metallicity-dependent boost, Type Ia supernovae, Kroupa IMF, black holes seeded and grown with the Dubois et al. 2021 model.
Purpose: Dwarf galaxy formation and evolution in diverse environments: a full box, high-resolution zoom-ins of field regions and a Milky Way analog, and (planned) single dwarf galaxies at under 10 pc.
Team: DARWIN collaboration (more than 20 young scientists at seven Korean institutes; first paper led by Jaehyun Lee)
Papers: Lee et al. 2026, the DARWIN project (submitted to ApJ)

In sim-highline: 47 records · 2 runs · bh, gsmf, ks, mzr, sfrd, shmr, size · z 0.19 to 10.11 · 34 catalogue derived, 13 digitized figure · open DARWIN in the Explorer

Horizon-AGN 2014 (overview paper)

Code: RAMSES · Teyssier 2002 (RAMSES)
Method: Adaptive mesh refinement (Eulerian grid refined where the mass or Jeans length requires it)
Set-up: Periodic box of 100 Mpc/h (about 142 cMpc); more than 150,000 galaxies per time step at 1.2<z<1.8.
Physics: Gas cooling, star formation, supernova and AGN feedback, black-hole growth.
Purpose: A large-volume simulation with AGN feedback to study galaxy morphology and colours, and the alignment of galaxies with the cosmic web.
Team: Horizon project (Dubois, Kaviraj and collaborators)
Papers: Dubois et al. 2014, overview · Kaviraj et al. 2017, galaxy properties over cosmic time · Volonteri et al. 2016, black holes

In sim-highline: 35 records · 7 runs · bh, gsmf, sfrd, size, ssfr · z 0 to 6 · 35 digitized figure · open Horizon-AGN in the Explorer

NewHorizon 2020 (overview paper)

Code: RAMSES · Teyssier 2002 (RAMSES)
Method: Adaptive mesh refinement
Set-up: A zoom-in region of about (16 Mpc)³ (a 10 Mpc-radius sphere) inside the Horizon-AGN box; resolution up to 34 pc within galaxies.
Physics: Multi-phase ISM, clumpy star formation, supernova and AGN feedback.
Purpose: Combine statistical power and high resolution: a zoom region larger than a single-halo zoom, embedded in a larger box, that resolves the internal dynamics of galaxies.
Team: NewHorizon project (Dubois and collaborators)
Papers: Dubois et al. 2020, overview

In sim-highline: 62 records · 14 runs · bh, btfr, gas, gsmf, mzr, sfrd, shmr, size, smd, ssfr, zstar · z 0.25 to 4 · 62 digitized figure · open NewHorizon in the Explorer

SPHINX20 2018 (overview paper)

Code: RAMSES-RT · Rosdahl et al. 2013 (RAMSES-RT)
Method: Adaptive mesh refinement with on-the-fly radiative transfer
Set-up: Periodic volumes of 5 and 10 cMpc in the first paper, and a 20 cMpc volume (SPHINX20); resolution about 10 pc; haloes resolved down to the atomic cooling limit.
Physics: Radiation-hydrodynamics including binary stellar populations, resolved ISM, supernova feedback.
Purpose: Capture large-scale reionization and the escape of ionizing radiation from thousands of resolved galaxies simultaneously.
Team: SPHINX project (Rosdahl, Katz and collaborators)
Data: Public data release for JWST forward modelling (Katz et al. 2023).
Papers: Rosdahl et al. 2018, overview · Katz et al. 2023, public data release

In sim-highline: 51 records · 8 runs · elf, sfms, shmr, size, uvlf, zstar · z 4.64 to 10 · 44 catalogue derived, 7 digitized figure · open SPHINX20 in the Explorer

Code papers

Springel 2010 (AREPO) · Kannan et al. 2019 (AREPO-RT) · Hopkins 2015 (GIZMO) · Teyssier 2002 (RAMSES) · Rosdahl et al. 2013 (RAMSES-RT) · Springel 2005 (GADGET-2, the base of the Gadget-3 family) · Wadsley et al. 2017 (Gasoline2) · Menon et al. 2015 (ChaNGa) · Schaller et al. 2024 (SWIFT)

Observations

117 sources. Survey, facility and measurement are drafted for 110 of them from titles and abstracts and have not been checked against each paper; the rest are blank and marked, not guessed: open the cited paper. Empirical models (such as UniverseMachine) are constrained by observations but are not measurements.

Surveys and measurements 95

Source	Survey / facility	What it measures	Relations	z	Evidence	Citation
Aird et al. 2015	Chandra and XMM-Newton deep X-ray surveys, 2-10 keV luminosity function	Supermassive black hole accretion rate density over cosmic time from the AGN X-ray luminosity function, across the full range of absorption including Compton-thick, with a bolometric correction.	bhad	0 to 4.97	digitized figure	Aird et al. 2015, MNRAS (arXiv:1503.01120), total SMBH accretion densi
Alavi et al. 2016	HST, lensing cluster Abell 1689	Faint UV luminosity function at z~2.	sfrf	1.3 to 2.6	published table	Alavi et al. (2016)
Andrews & Martini 2013	Stacked SDSS spectra with direct-method (electron temperature) metallicities	Gas-phase oxygen abundance in bins of stellar mass and star formation rate, from which a fundamental-metallicity projection is read.	fmr	0.03 to 0.25	published table, digitized figure	Andrews & Martini 2013, ApJ 765, 140 (arXiv:1211.3418), machine-readab
Andrews & Martini 2013 (SDSS)	SDSS spectra, stacked	Direct (Te) oxygen abundances from stacked SDSS spectra in stellar-mass bins.	mzr	0.03 to 0.25	published table	Andrews & Martini (2013) (SDSS)
Baker et al. 2025 (quiescent, JWST)	JWST	Massive quiescent galaxies at z = 2-7.	gsmf	2 to 5	published table	Baker et al. 2025, massive quiescent galaxies at z=2-7 (arXiv:2506.041
Baldry et al. 2012 (GAMA)	GAMA (AAT spectroscopy), 143 deg²	Low-redshift galaxy stellar mass function from 5,210 galaxies, density-corrected maximum-volume method.	gsmf	0 to 0.06	published table, published fit	Baldry et al. (2012)
Barro et al. 2017 (CANDELS GOODS-S)	HST CANDELS imaging in GOODS-South with mass profiles from multi-band photometry	Stellar mass surface density within 1 kpc (Sigma_1) of star-forming and quiescent galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3.	sigma1	0.5 to 3	published fit	Barro et al. 2017, ApJ 840, 47 (arXiv:1509.00469), Table 'Power Law Fi
Bauer et al. 2013 (GAMA)	GAMA	Specific star-formation rates of GAMA galaxies.	ssfr	0.05 to 0.32	published table	Bauer et al. (2013) (GAMA, All)
Beeston et al. 2018 (H-ATLAS/GAMA)	Herschel-ATLAS with GAMA (as labelled in the compilation)	Dust mass function at low redshift.	dmf	0 to 0.1	published table	Beeston et al. (2018)
Bigiel et al. 2008	THINGS (HI) and HERACLES (CO) maps with GALEX FUV and Spitzer 24 micron, sampled at 750 pc	Resolved star formation law: star formation rate surface density against molecular gas surface density in nearby spiral galaxies.	ks	0	published fit	Bigiel et al. 2008, AJ 136, 2846 (arXiv:0810.2541), Sec. 'The Combined
Bouwens et al. 2012	HST ACS and WFC3/IR imaging of the HUDF09, ERS and CANDELS-South fields	Biweight-mean UV-continuum slope beta of Lyman-break galaxies at z ~ 4 to 7 in bins of UV luminosity, corrected for selection effects and measurement errors.	uvbeta	3.8 to 7	published table	Bouwens et al. 2012, ApJ 754, 83 (arXiv:1109.0994), table of the biwei
Bouwens et al. 2014	HST ACS and WFC3/IR imaging of the HUDF/XDF, HUDF09, ERS and CANDELS fields	Biweight-mean UV-continuum slope beta of more than 4000 Lyman-break galaxies at z ~ 4 to 8 in bins of UV luminosity, from a power-law fit to the broad-band fluxes redward of Lyman-alpha.	uvbeta	3.8 to 8	published table	Bouwens et al. 2014, ApJ 793, 115 (arXiv:1306.2950), table of the biwe
Bouwens et al. 2015 (UV-derived)	HST	UV-derived star-formation rate function at z~4-8.	sfrf	5 to 8	published table	Bouwens et al. (2015)
Bouwens et al. 2021	HST legacy imaging (HUDF, Frontier Field parallels, CANDELS)	Rest-frame UV luminosity function of dropout galaxies at z~2-10, stepwise estimate.	uvlf	2.1 to 10.2	published table	Bouwens et al. 2021, AJ 162, 47 (arXiv:2102.07775), stepwise LF table
Bouwens et al. 2021 (Schechter fit)	HST legacy imaging (HUDF, Frontier Field parallels, CANDELS)	Rest-frame UV luminosity function of dropout galaxies at z~2-10, as Schechter fits.	uvlf	2.1 to 10.2	published fit	Bouwens et al. 2021, AJ 162, 47 (arXiv:2102.07775), Schechter paramete
Catinella et al. 2018 (xGASS)	Arecibo HI, IRAM 30 m CO, GALEX and SDSS	Stellar-mass-selected census of HI (and total cold gas) fractions of 1,179 galaxies at 0.01<z<0.05.	hi-fraction	0 to 0.05	published table	Catinella et al. (2018), z = 0
Chang et al. 2015 (SDSS)	SDSS + WISE	Specific star-formation rates.	ssfr	0.01 to 0.2	published table	Chang et al. 2015, ApJS 219, 8, via the velociraptor comparison data
Chartab et al. 2021 (MOSDEF)	MOSDEF, Keck/MOSFIRE	Mass-metallicity relation at z~1.5-2.5.	mzr	1.5 to 2.5	published table	Chartab et al. (2021)
COSMOS-Web 2025	JWST (COSMOS-Web survey)	Galaxy stellar mass function in 15 redshift bins.	gsmf	0.2 to 12	official table	Shuntov et al. 2025, A&A 695, A20
Covelo-Paz et al. 2025 (FRESCO, CONGRESS)	JWST NIRCam grism (FRESCO F444W and CONGRESS F356W), GOODS-North and GOODS-South	Observed H-alpha luminosity function at z about 4.45, 5.3 and 6.15 from 1050 spectroscopically confirmed emitters.	elf	3.8 to 6.6	published table	Covelo-Paz et al. 2025, A&A 694, A178 (arXiv:2409.17241), Table 3
Curti et al. 2020	SDSS spectra, Te-anchored calibrations	Mass-metallicity and fundamental metallicity relations for SDSS galaxies on a Te-based abundance scale.	fmr, mzr	0.02 to 0.25	published fit	Curti et al. 2020, MNRAS 491, 944 (arXiv:1910.00597), Appendix A and i
Curti et al. 2024 (JADES)	JWST / JADES	Mass-metallicity relation at z = 3-6, as compiled in the COLIBRE data release repository.	mzr	3 to 6	catalog derived	Curti et al. 2024 (table as compiled in the Sharda et al. 2026 reposit
D'Souza et al. 2015	SDSS	Local galaxy stellar mass function.	gsmf	0 to 0.2	published table	D'Souza et al. (2015)
Davies et al. 2016 (GAMA)	GAMA	Star-forming main sequence from GAMA.	sfms	0 to 0.1	digitized figure	Davies et al. (2016)
Deshmukh et al. 2018	Spitzer Matching survey of the UltraVISTA Ultra-deep Stripes (SMUVS), about 66,000 sources at z = 2-6	Galaxy stellar mass function split into dusty, non-dusty and passive galaxies.	gsmf	2 to 5	published table	Deshmukh et al. (2018)
Donnan et al. 2024	JWST/NIRCam imaging (PRIMER, JADES, NGDEEP)	UV luminosity function at z = 9-14.5 from about 370 arcmin^2.	uvlf	9 to 14.5	published table	Donnan et al. 2024, MNRAS 533, 3222 (arXiv:2403.03171), binned UV LF t
Duncan et al. 2014	HST + Spitzer, CANDELS deep fields	Stellar mass functions at 4<z<7.	gsmf	4 to 7	published table	Duncan et al. (2014)
Eckert et al. 2016 (XXL)	XMM-Newton / XXL	Gas fractions of groups and clusters.	fgas500	0 to 0.3	published table	Eckert et al. (2016)
Fang et al. 2013 (SDSS)	SDSS imaging (i-band mass profiles) of central galaxies	Stellar mass surface density within 1 kpc against stellar mass for central green-valley and red-sequence galaxies at z ~ 0.	sigma1, sigmam	0.01 to 0.07	published fit	Fang et al. 2013, ApJ 776, 63 (arXiv:1308.5224), fit to Fig. 4 (Sigma_
Finkelstein et al. 2012	HST WFC3/IR imaging from CANDELS, HUDF09 and ERS in GOODS-South	Median UV-continuum slope beta of Lyman-break galaxies at z = 4 to 8 in three bins of stellar mass, measured on the best-fit SED of each galaxy.	uvbetam	4 to 8	published table	Finkelstein et al. 2012, ApJ 756, 164 (arXiv:1110.3785), Table 5: valu
Gallazzi et al. 2005 (SDSS)	SDSS DR2 spectra	Stellar metallicities and light-weighted ages for 175,128 galaxies from absorption-line fits.	age, zstar	0.01 to 0.22	published table	Gallazzi et al. (2005) (SDSS)
Gilbank et al. 2010 (SDSS)	SDSS	Quenched fractions.	quenched	0.01 to 0.2	published table	Gilbank et al. (2010) (SDSS)
Gillman et al. 2021 (KROSS+KGES)	KROSS and KGES, VLT/KMOS	Mass-metallicity relation at z~0.7-1.3.	mzr	0.7 to 1.3	catalog derived	Gillman et al. 2021 (table as compiled in the Sharda et al. 2026 repos
Gonzalez et al. 2011	HST/WFC3 + Spitzer/IRAC	Stellar mass functions z~4-7.	gsmf	3.8 to 6.8	published table	Gonzalez et. al. (2011)
Grazian et al. 2015	HST + Spitzer, CANDELS (UDS, GOODS-S) and HUDF	Stellar mass functions at 3.5<z<7.5.	gsmf	4 to 7	published table	Grazian et al. (2015)
Gruppioni et al. 2013 (Herschel IR)	Herschel (PEP and HerMES)	Infrared luminosity function.	sfrf	0.38 to 3.6	published table	Gruppioni et al. 2013, MNRAS 432, 23, via the velociraptor comparison
Harikane et al. 2023	JWST/NIRCam early release (ERO and ERS) imaging	UV luminosity function of dropout candidates at z~9-16, binned.	sfrd, uvlf	9 to 16	published table	Harikane et al. 2023, ApJS 265, 5 (arXiv:2208.01612), binned UV LF tab
Harikane et al. 2023 (Schechter fit)	JWST/NIRCam early release (ERO and ERS) imaging	UV luminosity function of dropout candidates at z~9-16, as Schechter fits.	uvlf	9 to 16	published fit	Harikane et al. 2023, ApJS 265, 5 (arXiv:2208.01612), fit parameters t
Harikane et al. 2023 (UV only)	JWST/NIRCam early release (ERO and ERS) imaging	Cosmic SFR density at z~9-16 from the UV luminosity function without dust correction.	sfrd	9 to 16	published table	Harikane et al. 2023, ApJS 265, 5 (arXiv:2208.01612), SFR density tabl
Haynes et al. 2011 (ALFALFA)	Arecibo 305 m, 21 cm blind survey	HI mass function.	himf	0 to 0.06	published table	Haynes et al. (2011) (ALFALFA)
He et al. 2026 (NGDEEP)	JWST / NGDEEP, stacked	Mass-metallicity relation, as compiled in the COLIBRE data release repository.	mzr	1.22 to 3.08	published table	He et al. 2026 (NGDEEP stacks) (table as compiled in the Sharda et al.
Ilbert et al. 2013	UltraVISTA / COSMOS	Stellar mass functions of star-forming and quiescent galaxies to z~4.	gsmf	0.2 to 4	published table	Ilbert et al. (2013)
Iyer et al. 2018 (CANDELS GOODS-S, Dense Basis SFHs)	CANDELS GOODS-S photometry, SED fitting with Dense Basis non-parametric star formation histories	SFR against stellar mass at 1 < z < 6 down to low masses, with instantaneous SFRs from the SED fits.	sfms	1 to 6	published fit	Iyer et al. 2018, ApJ 866, 120 (arXiv:1809.04099), Eq. 2 and Table of
Kennicutt 1998	Disk-averaged H-alpha and far-infrared star formation rates and gas masses of normal spirals and infrared-selected starbursts from the literature	Global Schmidt law: star formation rate surface density against total gas surface density.	ks	0	published fit	Kennicutt 1998, ApJ 498, 541 (arXiv:astro-ph/9712213), eq. 4
Khostovan et al. 2015 (HiZELS)	HiZELS narrow-band imaging (UKIRT WFCAM), COSMOS and UDS	H-beta+[OIII] luminosity function at z = 0.84, 1.42, 2.23 and 3.24 and [OII] luminosity function at z = 1.47, 2.25, 3.34 and 4.69 from narrow-band emitters, corrected for completeness and filter profile, not corrected for dust or AGN.	elf	0.83 to 4.72	published table	Khostovan et al. 2015, MNRAS 452, 1184 (arXiv:1503.00004), tables of t
Kirby et al. 2013 (Local Group dwarfs)	Resolved-star spectroscopy of dwarf galaxies	Stellar mass-stellar metallicity relation of dwarf irregular and spheroidal galaxies.	zstar	0	published table	Kirby et al. (2013)
Koprowski et al. (COSMOS-Web MS)	JWST (COSMOS-Web survey)	Quiescent fractions and star-forming main sequence.	quenched, sfms	0.5 to 8	published table	Koprowski, Lisiecki, Sawant & Wijesekera, COSMOS-Web mass-complete mai
Lam et al. 2026 (JADES stacks)	JWST / JADES, stacked spectra	Mass-metallicity relation, as compiled in the COLIBRE data release repository.	mzr	2.08 to 5.62	published table	Lam et al. 2026 (JADES stacks) (table as compiled in the Sharda et al.
Lange et al. 2015 (GAMA)	GAMA (H-band and r-band sizes)	Mass-size relations from GAMA imaging.	size	0 to 0.1	published table	Lange et al. (2015, r-band)
Lee et al. 2006 (dwarfs)	Local dwarf galaxies	Mass-metallicity relation extended by 2.5 decades in stellar mass to dwarf galaxies.	mzr	0 to 0.01	published table	Lee et al. (2006)
Lee et al. 2015 (COSMOS, Herschel/Spitzer/NRK)	COSMOS field with Herschel and Spitzer infrared luminosities and the NRK colour method	Median SFR against stellar mass of star-forming galaxies at 0.25 < z < 1.3, fitted with a turnover at high mass.	sfms	0.25 to 1.3	published fit	Lee et al. 2015, ApJ 801, 80 (arXiv:1501.01080), Eq. 2 and Table 1
Leja et al. 2022 (COSMOS-2015 + 3D-HST, Prospector-alpha)	COSMOS-2015 (0.2 < z < 0.8) and 3D-HST (0.5 < z < 3.0) galaxy catalogues, SED fitting with Prospector-alpha	Ridge and mean of the SFR distribution at fixed stellar mass, with no star-forming selection; SFRs averaged over 100 Myr from non-parametric star formation histories.	sfms	0.2 to 3	published fit	Leja et al. 2022, ApJ 936, 165 (arXiv:2110.04314), Eqs. 3-4 and Table
Lewis et al. 2024 (LEGA-C)	LEGA-C, VLT/VIMOS	Mass-metallicity relation at z~0.6-0.8.	mzr	0.59 to 0.84	catalog derived	Lewis et al. 2024 (LEGA-C MZR, arXiv:2304.12343) (table as compiled in
Li & White 2009	SDSS	Local galaxy stellar mass function.	gsmf	0 to 0.2	published table	Li and White (2009)
Lin et al. 2012	Massive galaxy clusters at z<0.25 (this record), from the paper's z = 0-0.6 sample	Baryon content (gas fraction) of massive clusters.	fgas500	0 to 0.3	published table	Lin et al. (2012; $z<0.25$ only)
Lovisari et al. 2015 (XMM groups)	XMM-Newton	Group gas fractions.	fgas500	0 to 0.3	published table	Lovisari et al. (2015)
Mannucci et al. 2010	SDSS DR7 spectroscopy of emission-line galaxies at 0.07 < z < 0.30	Fundamental metallicity relation: gas-phase oxygen abundance as a function of stellar mass and star formation rate, fitted as a function of mu = log M* - 0.32 log SFR.	fmr	0.07 to 2.5	published fit	Mannucci et al. 2010, MNRAS 408, 2115 (arXiv:1005.0006)
Mosleh et al. 2020	HST imaging, stellar mass maps from pixel-by-pixel SED fitting of about 5,500 galaxies at z up to 2	Galaxy sizes from the stellar mass distribution (radii enclosing 20, 50 and 80 per cent of the mass).	size	0.5 to 1.65	published table	Mosleh et al. (2020) (SF)
Moustakas et al. 2013 (SDSS)	SDSS (local part of a larger SDSS and PRIMUS analysis)	Quenched fractions.	quenched	0.01 to 0.2	published table	Moustakas et al. (2013) (SDSS)
Muzzin et al. 2013 (UltraVISTA)	UltraVISTA / COSMOS	Stellar mass density evolution.	smd	0 to 4	published table	Muzzin et al. (2013) (COSMOS)
Nakajima et al. 2023 (ERO/GLASS/CEERS)	JWST NIRSpec (ERO, GLASS, CEERS)	Mass-metallicity relation at z~4-10, as compiled in the COLIBRE data release repository.	mzr	3.8 to 9.5	catalog derived	Nakajima et al. 2023 (table as compiled in the Sharda et al. 2026 repo
Parsa et al. 2016	Deep multi-band imaging of the UV luminosity function at z about 2-4	UV-derived star formation rate function at z about 2-4 (from the paper's UV luminosity function).	sfrf	2 to 3.8	published table	Parsa et. al. (2016)
Pozzi et al. 2020	Herschel far-infrared surveys (as in the paper)	Dust mass function from z about 0 to 2.5.	dmf	0 to 1.8	published table	Pozzi et al. (2020)
Read et al. 2017	Isolated field dwarf galaxies with rotation-curve halo masses (as labelled in the compilation)	Stellar-to-halo mass relation at the dwarf-galaxy end.	shmr	0	published table	Read et al. (2017)
Reines & Volonteri 2015	SDSS broad-line AGN with virial masses, plus dynamical masses	Black-hole mass versus total stellar mass for 341 galaxies at z<0.055.	bh	0 to 0.06	published fit	Reines & Volonteri 2015, ApJ 813, 82, Eqs. 4-5 (AGN fit)
Remy-Ruyer et al. 2014	Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey, KINGFISH and a subsample of Galametz et al. 2011 (126 galaxies)	Gas-to-dust mass ratio versus metallicity over a 2 dex range.	dtg	0 to 0.02	published table	Rémy-Ruyer et al. (2014)
Reyes et al. 2011	Calibrated Tully-Fisher relations from disc rotation velocities (fit)	Stellar Tully-Fisher relation between stellar mass and calibrated rotation velocity.	stfr	0 to 0.1	published table	Reyes et al. (2011) (Fit)
Sahu et al. 2019	Dynamical black hole masses of early-type galaxies (fit)	Black hole mass scaling relations with spheroid and galaxy stellar mass and velocity dispersion.	bh, bhsigma	0 to 0.05	published table	Sahu (2019) (ETG)
Saintonge et al. 2017 (xCOLD GASS)	IRAM 30 m CO(1-0)	Molecular gas fractions of stellar-mass-selected nearby galaxies.	h2-fraction	0 to 0.05	published table	Saintonge et al. (2017), z = 0
Salim, Boquien & Lee 2018 (GSWLC-2)	SDSS spectroscopy with GALEX ultraviolet and WISE mid-infrared photometry (GALEX-SDSS-WISE Legacy Catalog 2)	SED-fitted stellar masses and SFRs (averaged over 100 Myr) of about 360,000 galaxies at 0.01 < z < 0.30, the joint distribution of specific SFR and mass.	ssfr	0.01 to 0.3	catalog derived	Salim, Boquien & Lee 2018, ApJ 859, 11 (GSWLC-2), VizieR J/ApJ/859/11
Sanders et al. 2021	Stacked SDSS spectra and dwarf galaxies with metallicity calibrations anchored to direct-method abundances	Fundamental metallicity relation at z ~ 0 as a cubic function of mu = log M* - 0.60 log SFR.	fmr	0.03 to 0.25	published fit	Sanders et al. 2021, ApJ 914, 19 (arXiv:2009.07292), eq. 'fmr' (Sec. '
Schreiber et al. 2015 (Herschel stacking)	Herschel far-infrared stacking with UV, in the GOODS, CANDELS and COSMOS fields	Main sequence of star formation at 0.3 < z < 5 as the mode of the SFR distribution, from stacks of galaxies that are not UVJ-quiescent.	sfms	0.3 to 5	published fit	Schreiber et al. 2015, A&A 575, A74 (arXiv:1409.5433), Eq. 7
Smit et al. 2012 (UV-derived)	HST	UV-derived star-formation rate function at z~4-7.	sfrf	4 to 7	published table	Smit et al. 2012, ApJ 756, 14, via the velociraptor comparison data
Sobral et al. 2013 (HiZELS)	HiZELS narrow-band imaging (UKIRT WFCAM, Subaru Suprime-Cam, VLT HAWK-I), COSMOS and UDS, about 2 deg2	H-alpha luminosity function at z = 0.40, 0.84, 1.47 and 2.23 from narrow-band emitters, corrected for [NII] and for 1 mag of extinction.	elf	0.39 to 2.25	published table	Sobral et al. 2013, MNRAS 428, 1128 (arXiv:1202.3436), Table 4
Sobral2013	HiZELS narrow-band Hα imaging	Star-formation rate function at z~0.4-2.2.	sfrf	0.4 to 2.23	published table	Sobral et. al. (2013)
SPARC / Lelli et al. 2019	SPARC: HI and Hα rotation curves with Spitzer 3.6 μm photometry	Baryonic Tully-Fisher relation of 153 galaxies.	btfr	0 to 0.05	published fit	Lelli, McGaugh & Schombert 2019
Steidel et al. 2014 (KBSS)	KBSS-MOSFIRE, Keck/MOSFIRE	Mass-metallicity relation at z~2.3.	mzr	2.3	published table	Steidel et al. 2014 (table as compiled in the Sharda et al. 2026 repos
Stott et al. 2013	HiZELS narrow-band H-alpha survey	Galaxy sizes of H-alpha emitters across the peak epoch of star formation (Table 1).	size	0.3 to 2.33	published fit	Stott et al. 2013, MNRAS 430, 1158, Table 1
Sun et al. 2009 (Chandra groups)	Chandra	Group gas fractions.	fgas500	0 to 0.3	published table	Sun et al. (2009)
Tomczak et al. 2014	ZFOURGE / CANDELS	Stellar mass functions at 0.5<z<3.	gsmf	0.5 to 3	published table	Tomczak et al (2013)
Tomczak et al. 2016 (ZFOURGE)	ZFOURGE near-infrared medium-band catalogues, with stacked 24 to 160 micron photometry	SFR against stellar mass of all galaxies and of UVJ star-forming galaxies from stacked UV plus infrared SFRs at 0.5 < z < 4.	sfms	0.5 to 4	published fit	Tomczak et al. 2016, ApJ 817, 118 (arXiv:1510.06072), Eqs. 1-3
Topping et al. 2024	JWST NIRCam imaging of the JADES fields (GOODS-S and GOODS-N)	Median UV-continuum slope beta of dropout-selected galaxies at median photometric redshifts 5.9 to 12 in bins of UV magnitude, from a power-law fit to the rest-UV NIRCam fluxes.	uvbeta	5.05 to 14.25	published table	Topping et al. 2024, MNRAS 529, 4087 (arXiv:2307.08835), table of medi
Topping et al. 2024 (linear fit)	JWST NIRCam imaging of the JADES fields (GOODS-S and GOODS-N)	The paper's linear fit of the binned median UV-continuum slope against M_UV, for the F775W, F090W and F115W dropout samples.	uvbeta	5.05 to 11.25	published fit	Topping et al. 2024, MNRAS 529, 4087 (arXiv:2307.08835), table of best
Tremonti et al. 2004 (SDSS)	SDSS fibre spectroscopy (2.5 m telescope)	Gas-phase oxygen abundance of about 53,000 star-forming galaxies at z~0.1, from emission lines modelled with photoionisation models.	mzr	0.01 to 0.25	published table	Tremonti et al. (2004) (SDSS)
van der Wel et al. 2014	3D-HST + CANDELS (HST)	Galaxy size-mass relations of early- and late-type galaxies at 0<z<3.	size	0 to 3	published fit, published table	van der Wel et al. 2014, ApJ 788, 28, Table 1
vanderBurg2010	CFHT Legacy Survey	UV luminosity function of Lyman-break galaxies at z~3-4.	sfrf	3.1 to 3.8	published table	van der Burg et. al. (2010)
Veale et al. 2017 (MASSIVE+ATLAS3D)	MASSIVE survey and ATLAS3D integral-field spectroscopy of early-type galaxies	Fraction of slow rotators and mean spin parameter within the effective radius against stellar mass for early-type galaxies.	fslow, lambdar	0 to 0.03	digitized figure	Veale et al. 2017, MNRAS 471, 1428 (arXiv:1703.08573), Fig. 'lam-mk' (
Vikhlinin et al. 2006 (Chandra)	Chandra	Cluster gas fractions.	fgas500	0 to 0.3	published table	Vikhlinin et al. (2006)
Whitaker et al. 2014 (3D-HST/CANDELS)	3D-HST (HST WFC3 grism) and CANDELS imaging, with Spitzer/MIPS 24 micron for the infrared	Star-forming sequence at 0.5 < z < 2.5 from median stacks of star-forming galaxies; SFR from UV plus infrared luminosity, stellar masses from SED fits.	sfms	0.5 to 2.5	published fit	Whitaker et al. 2014, ApJ 795, 104 (arXiv:1407.1843), Eq. 2 and Table
Wright et al. 2017 (GAMA-II)	GAMA-II	Galaxy stellar mass function from GAMA-II.	gsmf	0 to 0.1	published table	Wright et al. (2017) (GAMA-II)
xGASS (Catinella et al. 2018)	xGASS Arecibo HI survey, via the velociraptor comparison data	Size relation as provided by the compilation (the upstream citation read 'in prep').	size	0 to 0.05	published table	Catinella et al. 2018, MNRAS 476, 875 (xGASS), via the velociraptor co
Zahid et al. 2014	Emission-line metallicities of star-forming galaxies at z up to 1.6 (see paper)	Mass-metallicity relation with a characteristic turnover mass that evolves with redshift.	mzr	0.08	published table	Zahid et al. (2014)
Zahid et al. 2016 (SDSS)	SDSS fibre spectroscopy	Central stellar velocity dispersion against stellar mass for quiescent galaxies (Dn4000 > 1.5), corrected to a fixed 3 kpc aperture.	sigmam	0.02 to 0.2	published fit, digitized figure	Zahid et al. 2016, ApJ 832, 203 (arXiv:1607.04275), Table 'Fit Paramet
Zahid et al. 2016 (SHELS)	SHELS redshift survey (Hectospec fibre spectroscopy)	Central stellar velocity dispersion against stellar mass for quiescent galaxies (Dn4000 > 1.5), corrected to a fixed 3 kpc aperture.	sigmam	0 to 0.7	published fit, digitized figure	Zahid et al. 2016, ApJ 832, 203 (arXiv:1607.04275), Table 'Fit Paramet
Zwaan et al. 2003 (HIPASS)	Parkes 64 m, 21 cm blind survey	HI mass function.	himf	0 to 0.04	published table	Zwaan et al. (2003) (HIPASS)

Compilations 10

Source	Survey / facility	What it measures	Relations	z	Evidence	Citation
Avila-Reese et al. 2008	Compiled sample of 76 normal, non-interacting disc galaxies (high and low surface brightness)	Scaling relations of disc galaxies (rotation velocity with luminosity, stellar and baryonic mass) in several bands; here the stellar Tully-Fisher fit.	stfr	0 to 0.05	digitized figure	Avila-Reese et al. (2008) (Fit)
Bradford et al. 2015	Observed cold gas fractions, fit as reproduced in Stinson et al. 2015 (Fig. 1)	Cold gas fraction of galaxies versus stellar mass, as a fit.	gas	0 to 0.05	digitized figure	Bradford et al. 2015 fit as reproduced in Stinson et al. 2015 Figure 1
Hopkins et al. 2007	Optical, infrared and X-ray quasar and AGN luminosity function surveys combined with a bolometric correction model	Bolometric AGN luminosity function and the black hole accretion history, corrected for obscuration, to z ~ 6.	agnlf, bhad	0 to 6	published fit	Hopkins, Richards & Hernquist 2007, ApJ 654, 731 (arXiv:astro-ph/06056
JWST+ground MZR compilation (Sharda+26 repository)	Individual-galaxy tables from JWST and ground-based spectroscopy, compiled in the Sharda et al. 2026 repository	Gas-phase oxygen abundance versus stellar mass at z>3 as compiled for the COLIBRE comparison.	mzr	1 to 10.5	catalog derived	Individual-galaxy tables compiled in the Sharda et al. 2026 repository
Kormendy & Ho 2013	Compilation of dynamical black-hole masses	Black-hole mass versus velocity dispersion and bulge properties.	bhsigma	0 to 0.01	published fit	Kormendy & Ho 2013, ARA&A 51, 511
Madau & Dickinson 2014	Compilation of UV and infrared surveys (review)	Best-fitting cosmic SFR density versus redshift, z 0-8, Salpeter IMF.	sfrd	0 to 8	published fit	Madau & Dickinson 2014, ARA&A 52, 415 (arXiv:1403.0007), Eq. 15
McConnell & Ma 2013	Compilation of dynamical black-hole masses	Black-hole mass versus bulge and total stellar mass and velocity dispersion.	bh	0 to 0.05	published table	McConnell & Ma (2013) (Data)
Popesso et al. 2023	Literature census on a common calibration	Star-forming main sequence to z~6 with curvature at high mass.	sfms	0 to 6	published fit	Popesso et al. 2023, MNRAS 519, 1526, Eq. 14 and Table 2
Shen et al. 2020	Compilation of quasar luminosity function measurements with a global model fit	Bolometric quasar luminosity function including obscured AGN and the resulting black hole accretion history and mass density, z = 0 to 7.	agnlf, bhad, bhmd	0 to 7	published fit, digitized figure	Shen, Hopkins, Faucher-Giguere et al. 2020, MNRAS (arXiv:2001.02696),
Speagle et al. 2014	25 literature studies on a common calibration	Star-forming main sequence to z~6.	sfms	0 to 6	published fit	Speagle et al. 2014, ApJS 214, 15

Empirical models (constrained by data, not measurements) 3

Source	Survey / facility	What it measures	Relations	z	Evidence	Citation
Behroozi et al. 2013	Abundance matching constrained by observed mass functions	Stellar-to-halo mass relation (a model, not a direct measurement).	shmr	0	published table	Behroozi et al. (2013)
Behroozi et al. 2019 (UniverseMachine)	Constrained by stellar mass functions, SFRs, quenched fractions, UV luminosity functions and clustering	Stellar-to-halo mass relation and quenched fractions to z~10 (a model, not a direct measurement).	quenched, shmr	0 to 5	published table	Behroozi et al. (2019)
Moster et al. 2013	Abundance matching constrained by observed mass functions	Stellar-to-halo mass relation (a model, not a direct measurement).	shmr	0	published table	Moster et al. (2013)

Simulation-calibrated theory curves (not observations) 2

Source	Survey / facility	What it measures	Relations	z	Evidence	Citation
Bocquet et al. 2016	Magneticum hydrodynamic and dark-matter-only simulations	Halo mass function with baryonic effects, fitted to Magneticum; a theory comparison curve, not an observation.	hmf	0	published table	Bocquet et al. (2016) (hydro)
Tinker et al. 2008 (colossus, Planck13)	Collisionless cosmological N-body simulations, evaluated with colossus for Planck 2013 cosmology	Halo mass function fitting formula; a theory comparison curve, not an observation.	hmf	0	published table	Tinker et al. (2008)

Not yet profiled 7

Source	Survey / facility	Relations	z	Evidence	Citation
Arnaud et al. 2010 (REXCESS fit)	not yet filled: see the cited paper	ysz	0.06 to 0.18	published fit	Arnaud et al. 2010, A&A 517, A92 (arXiv:0910.1234)
Arnaud et al. 2010 (REXCESS)	not yet filled: see the cited paper	ysz	0.06 to 0.18	published table	Arnaud et al. 2010, A&A 517, A92 (arXiv:0910.1234)
Arnaud et al. 2010 (universal profile)	not yet filled: see the cited paper	ysz	0.06 to 0.18	published fit	Arnaud et al. 2010, A&A 517, A92 (arXiv:0910.1234)
Pratt et al. 2009 (REXCESS fit)	not yet filled: see the cited paper	lxm	0.06 to 0.18	published fit	Pratt et al. 2009, A&A 498, 361 (arXiv:0809.3784)
Pratt et al. 2009 (REXCESS)	not yet filled: see the cited paper	lxm	0.06 to 0.18	published table	Pratt et al. 2009, A&A 498, 361 (arXiv:0809.3784)
Zehavi et al. 2011 (SDSS DR7 HOD)	not yet filled: see the cited paper	hod	0.02 to 0.25	published fit, digitized figure	Zehavi et al. 2011, ApJ 736, 59 (arXiv:1005.2413)
Zehavi et al. 2011 (SDSS DR7)	not yet filled: see the cited paper	wp	0.02 to 0.25	published table	Zehavi et al. 2011, ApJ 736, 59 (arXiv:1005.2413)

Known metadata issues

Some observational records come from a machine-readable compilation whose stored citation can name a different paper than the label (flagged above as “check”); four such upstream citations were corrected in v0.6.0 and the original is kept with the record. 0 remaining mismatches found by the automatic check:

None found by the automatic check.

The survey and facility entries above are drafted from titles, abstracts and compilation labels and have not been checked with the authors. A source with no entry reads “not yet filled”.

What is not here yet

A search of the simulation literature (specialised dwarf-galaxy suites such as LYRA and EDGE, zoom suites such as Auriga and APOSTLE, reionization suites, cluster suites, and the 2026 COLIBRE papers) is in docs/literature-candidates.md; entries are marked ingested, queued or skipped (with the reason) in data/literature-backlog.json.